> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.delphina.ai/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Redshift: Public endpoint + IAM role

> Connect Delphina to a publicly accessible Redshift endpoint using an IAM role

export const timeout_0 = "Confirm the security group allows Delphina's IPs on the right port, Publicly accessible is on, and the subnets route to an internet gateway with network ACLs that allow the traffic."

Use this setup when your Redshift endpoint is already publicly accessible. Delphina connects directly over the internet from a fixed set of IP addresses and authenticates with short-lived credentials from an IAM role you create.

Part of the [Redshift Connection Guide](/administration/redshift). Not sure which setup you need? Start there.

## Before you start

Ask your Delphina contact for:

* Delphina's IP addresses, for your security group.
* Delphina's principal ARN and a unique external ID, for the IAM role's trust policy.

You also need a Redshift superuser (Step 2, and Step 3 on provisioned clusters) and permission to create IAM roles in the AWS account that owns your warehouse (Step 3).

Each step has **Serverless** and **Provisioned** tabs where they differ. Serverless endpoints contain `redshift-serverless` (`<workgroup>.<account>.<region>.redshift-serverless.amazonaws.com`); provisioned endpoints look like `<cluster>.<id>.<region>.redshift.amazonaws.com`.

## Step 1: Set up the network path

<Tabs>
  <Tab title="Serverless">
    1. In the Redshift console, open your workgroup → **Network and security** and confirm **Publicly accessible** is on.
    2. Open the workgroup's VPC security group and add an inbound rule: **TCP** on your workgroup port (default **5439**) from each Delphina IP address your Delphina contact provides.
    3. Confirm the workgroup's subnets route to an internet gateway and their network ACLs allow the traffic. **Publicly accessible** alone isn't enough when the subnets are private.
  </Tab>

  <Tab title="Provisioned">
    1. In the Redshift console, open your cluster → **Properties** → **Network and security settings** and confirm **Publicly accessible** is on.
    2. Open the cluster's VPC security group and add an inbound rule: **TCP** on your cluster port (default **5439**) from each Delphina IP address your Delphina contact provides.
    3. Confirm the cluster's subnets route to an internet gateway and their network ACLs allow the traffic. **Publicly accessible** alone isn't enough when the subnets are private.
  </Tab>
</Tabs>

## Step 2: Grant database access

Run this as a superuser, such as the admin user created with your workgroup or cluster, connected to **the database Delphina will use**: the one you send us in Step 4. A Delphina connection reads one database.

Use a superuser if you can. A non-superuser needs the `CREATE ROLE` permission and the right to grant on every schema and table involved, either by owning them or by holding the privileges `WITH GRANT OPTION`, and can't set default privileges for other users' tables (below).

```sql theme={null}
-- Roles apply to the whole workgroup or cluster, so create it once.
CREATE ROLE delphina_role;

-- Repeat for each schema Delphina should read.
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA <schema_name> TO ROLE delphina_role;
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA <schema_name> TO ROLE delphina_role;
```

**Cover tables created later.** `GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES` only covers tables that exist when you run it. Set default privileges **for each user that creates tables** in the schema, such as your dbt, Fivetran, or Airflow users. Redshift applies default privileges per creating user, so one statement doesn't cover everyone.

```sql theme={null}
-- Repeat for each user that creates tables in the schema.
ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES FOR USER <creator_user> IN SCHEMA <schema_name>
  GRANT SELECT ON TABLES TO ROLE delphina_role;
```

**Other data sources.**

| Source | Extra grant |
| - | - |
| **Spectrum external schemas** (Glue / S3) | `GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA <external_schema> TO ROLE delphina_role;` The IAM role attached to your cluster or namespace must already be able to read the underlying Glue tables and S3 data (and Lake Formation, if you use it). |
| **Datashares** (consumer database) | To read a datashare, send its consumer database as the database in Step 4. Then run `GRANT USAGE ON DATABASE <consumer_database> TO ROLE delphina_role;` If the database was created `WITH PERMISSIONS`, also grant access to its objects: `GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA <consumer_database>.<schema> TO ROLE delphina_role;` and `GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA <consumer_database>.<schema> TO ROLE delphina_role;` |

**Give Delphina access to query history.** Delphina learns which tables, joins, and metrics matter from how your team queries them. By default, a non-superuser only sees its own queries in Redshift's query history, so grant the built-in monitoring role. Run this once; it isn't per database.

```sql theme={null}
GRANT ROLE sys:monitor TO ROLE delphina_role;
```

This lets Delphina read the text of every user's queries. You can choose which users' queries Delphina uses during onboarding, but that's a setting in Delphina, not a database permission: the role can still read all of them. If some query text contains values Delphina must not be able to access, talk to your Delphina contact before granting it.

## Step 3: Create the IAM role

<Tabs>
  <Tab title="Serverless">
    Create an IAM role in the AWS account that owns the workgroup, for example `delphina-redshift-access`.

    **Trust policy.** Your Delphina contact provides the Delphina principal ARN and a unique external ID.

    ```json theme={null}
    {
      "Version": "2012-10-17",
      "Statement": [
        {
          "Sid": "AllowDelphinaAssumeRole",
          "Effect": "Allow",
          "Principal": { "AWS": "<DELPHINA_PRINCIPAL_ARN>" },
          "Action": "sts:AssumeRole",
          "Condition": { "StringEquals": { "sts:ExternalId": "<EXTERNAL_ID>" } }
        }
      ]
    }
    ```

    **Permissions policy.** Replace the placeholders with your region, account ID, and workgroup ID (the UUID in the workgroup ARN).

    ```json theme={null}
    {
      "Version": "2012-10-17",
      "Statement": [
        {
          "Sid": "ServerlessCredentials",
          "Effect": "Allow",
          "Action": [
            "redshift-serverless:GetCredentials",
            "redshift-serverless:GetWorkgroup"
          ],
          "Resource": "arn:aws:redshift-serverless:<REGION>:<ACCOUNT_ID>:workgroup/<WORKGROUP_ID>"
        }
      ]
    }
    ```

    **Map the role to the database role.** Add a tag to the IAM role with key `RedshiftDbRoles` and value `delphina_role`. When Delphina connects, Redshift signs it in as the database user `IAMR:delphina-redshift-access` and grants it `delphina_role`.
  </Tab>

  <Tab title="Provisioned">
    Delphina connects as a database user named `delphina_user`. Create it without a password, because Delphina gets short-lived credentials for it through the IAM role, and give it the Delphina role:

    ```sql theme={null}
    CREATE USER delphina_user PASSWORD DISABLE;
    GRANT ROLE delphina_role TO delphina_user;
    ```

    Create an IAM role in the AWS account that owns the cluster, for example `delphina-redshift-access`.

    **Trust policy.** Your Delphina contact provides the Delphina principal ARN and a unique external ID.

    ```json theme={null}
    {
      "Version": "2012-10-17",
      "Statement": [
        {
          "Sid": "AllowDelphinaAssumeRole",
          "Effect": "Allow",
          "Principal": { "AWS": "<DELPHINA_PRINCIPAL_ARN>" },
          "Action": "sts:AssumeRole",
          "Condition": { "StringEquals": { "sts:ExternalId": "<EXTERNAL_ID>" } }
        }
      ]
    }
    ```

    **Permissions policy.** Replace the placeholders with your region, account ID, cluster identifier, and database name.

    ```json theme={null}
    {
      "Version": "2012-10-17",
      "Statement": [
        {
          "Sid": "ClusterCredentials",
          "Effect": "Allow",
          "Action": "redshift:GetClusterCredentials",
          "Resource": [
            "arn:aws:redshift:<REGION>:<ACCOUNT_ID>:dbuser:<CLUSTER_ID>/delphina_user",
            "arn:aws:redshift:<REGION>:<ACCOUNT_ID>:dbname:<CLUSTER_ID>/<DATABASE>"
          ]
        },
        {
          "Sid": "DescribeCluster",
          "Effect": "Allow",
          "Action": "redshift:DescribeClusters",
          "Resource": "arn:aws:redshift:<REGION>:<ACCOUNT_ID>:cluster:<CLUSTER_ID>"
        }
      ]
    }
    ```
  </Tab>
</Tabs>

## Step 4: Send us the details

<Tabs>
  <Tab title="Serverless">
    | Detail | Example |
    | - | - |
    | Workgroup name | `analytics-wg` |
    | Endpoint and port | `analytics-wg.123456789012.us-east-1.redshift-serverless.amazonaws.com`, `5439` |
    | AWS account ID and region | `123456789012`, `us-east-1` |
    | Database | `dev` |
    | Default schema (optional) | `analytics` |
    | Network option | Public endpoint |
    | IAM role ARN | `arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/delphina-redshift-access` |
  </Tab>

  <Tab title="Provisioned">
    | Detail | Example |
    | - | - |
    | Cluster identifier | `analytics-cluster` |
    | Endpoint and port | `analytics-cluster.abc123xyz789.us-east-1.redshift.amazonaws.com`, `5439` |
    | AWS account ID and region | `123456789012`, `us-east-1` |
    | Node type | `ra3.4xlarge` |
    | Database | `dev` |
    | Default schema (optional) | `analytics` |
    | Network option | Public endpoint |
    | IAM role ARN | `arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/delphina-redshift-access` |
  </Tab>
</Tabs>

## Step 5: Verify the connection

Your Delphina contact adds the connection, runs a test query, and sends you the list of schemas Delphina can see. Check it against what you meant to grant: a missing schema usually means a missing grant, and an extra one means a grant is broader than intended.

Once the connection works, onboarding starts. Delphina reads your schema and table metadata and your team's query history to build its [context layer](/context-layer), and your Delphina contact walks you through reviewing it.

## Troubleshooting

| Problem | Fix |
| - | - |
| **Connection times out** | {timeout_0} |
| **`AccessDenied` on `sts:AssumeRole`** | Check the trust policy's principal ARN and external ID match what your Delphina contact provided. |
| **`AccessDenied` on `GetCredentials` or `GetClusterCredentials`** | Check the permissions policy's resource ARNs: workgroup ID (Serverless), or cluster identifier, `delphina_user`, and database name (provisioned). |
| **Connected, but no tables visible** | Serverless: confirm the `RedshiftDbRoles` tag on the IAM role is exactly `delphina_role`. Provisioned: confirm `delphina_role` is granted to `delphina_user`. Then check `USAGE` on the schema and `SELECT` on its tables. |
| **Tables lose access after a dbt run** | Add `ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES` for the user dbt runs as, then re-run `GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA` to restore access to existing tables. |
| **Spectrum tables fail with a permissions error** | The IAM role attached to your cluster or namespace (not Delphina's role) needs Glue and S3 access to the external data. |


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